Present Simple — ingliz tilidagi oddiy hozirgi zamon. U odatlar, faktlar va jadvallar haqida gapirganda ishlatiladi: I get up at seven, Cows eat grass. Asosiy qoida bir qatorga sig'adi: he, she, it uchun fe'l -s qo'shimchasini oladi, inkor va so'roqda esa do / does yordamchi fe'llari paydo bo'ladi. Ushbu sahifada yasalish jadvali, -s / -es qoidalari, vaqt ko'rsatkichlari, istisnolar, tez-tez uchraydigan xatolar tahlili va 10 ta variantdan iborat trenajyor mavjud.
O'zingni tekshir: 12 ta gapdan iborat 10 ta variant, har bir javobdan keyin tahlil.
Trenerni ochingPresent Simple: qachon ishlatiladi
Present Simple (oddiy hozirgi zamon) aynan hozir emas, balki umuman, muntazam yoki doimiy sodir bo'ladigan ish-harakatlar haqida hikoya qiladi. Bu ingliz tilidagi eng ko'p ishlatiladigan zamon: u o'zimiz, kun tartibi, odatlar va dunyo tuzilishi haqida gapirishda qo'llaniladi.
Asosiy savolni eslab qol: odatda qanday bo'ladi? Agar javob «muntazam sodir bo'ladi» yoki «shunday tuzilgan» bo'lsa — Present Simple kerak. To'rtta tipik holat quyida keltirilgan.
Present Simple: yasalish jadvali — darak, inkor, so'roq
Butun zamon bitta qoidaga asoslanadi: he, she, it (u) egalari uchun fe'l o'zgaradi, qolganlari uchun esa yo'q.
- Darak. Fe'lni boshlang'ich shaklda (V) olamiz. He, she, it uchun -s yoki -es qo'shimchasini qo'shamiz.
- Inkor. Fe'l oldidan don't (do not) yoki doesn't (does not, faqat he, she, it uchun) yordamchi fe'lini qo'yamiz. Fe'lning o'zi esa boshlang'ich shaklda qoladi.
- So'roq. Do yoki Does ni gap boshiga chiqaramiz, keyin ega va fe'lning boshlang'ich shakli keladi.
- Qisqa javob. Faqat yordamchi fe'lni takrorlaymiz: Yes, I do. No, she doesn't. Qisqa javobda asosiy fe'l kerak emas.
| I, you, we, they | he, she, it |
|---|---|
| +Darak | |
| VI work.They work. | V + s / esShe works.He watches. |
| −Inkor | |
| don't + VI don't work. | doesn't + VShe doesn't work. |
| ?So'roq | |
| Do + … + V?Do you work? | Does + … + V?Does she work? |
| !Qisqa javob | |
| Yes, I do.No, I don't. | Yes, she does.No, she doesn't. |
Present Simpleda -s / -es qo'shimchasi: yozilish qoidalari
He, she, it uchun qo'shimcha fe'lning tugashiga qarab turlicha yoziladi. Qoidalar atigi to'rtta va ular otlarning ko'plik shakli bilan bir xil: box — boxes, city — cities.
Aytilishi ham uch xil: jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin [s] (works), jarangli undoshlar va unlilardan keyin [z] (reads, lives) va hushtak tovushlardan keyin [ɪz] (washes, passes).
Inkor va so'roq: don't / doesn't va Do / Does
Inkor va so'roqning asosiy siri: -s qo'shimchasi gapda bir marta qo'yiladi. Does yordamchi fe'li paydo bo'lishi bilan u qo'shimchani o'ziga oladi, asosiy fe'l esa boshlang'ich shaklda qoladi. Eng ko'p uchraydigan xato shundan kelib chiqadi — doesn't lives, Does he lives? — qo'shimcha ikki marta qo'yilgan.
So'roq so'zlari (where, what, when, why, how often) do / does dan oldin qo'yiladi: Where do they live? When does the film start? Tartib o'zgarmaydi: so'roq so'zi → do / does → ega → fe'l.
Istisno — who yoki what bilan egaga beriladigan savol: Who knows the way? Bu yerda yordamchi fe'l kerak emas, fe'l esa he dan keyingidek -s oladi.
Present Simple vaqt ko'rsatkichlari
Ko'rsatkichlar — ish-harakat muntazamligini ko'rsatuvchi so'zlar. always, usually yoki every day ni ko'rdingmi — demak, deyarli aniq Present Simple kerak.
Chastota ravishlarining o'rniga e'tibor ber: She often visits her granny (asosiy fe'ldan oldin), lekin She is often late (is dan keyin).
He, she, it kim: ega bilan adashmaslik
-s qo'shimchasi nafaqat he, she, it so'zlaridan keyin, balki ularning o'rnini bosa oladigan har qanday egadan keyin ham kerak. Shuning uchun shaklni tanlashdan oldin o'zingga savol ber: egani qaysi olmosh bilan almashtirish mumkin?
Agar ega uzun bo'lsa (the girl with red hair), undagi asosiy so'zni top — girl, ya'ni she. Asosiy so'zdan keyin turgan so'zlar uni aniqlashtiradi va fe'l shakliga ta'sir qilmaydi.
- bitta ism yoki bitta narsa: Kevin, the teacher, my phone
- modda yoki tushuncha: milk, music, money
- -body va -one bilan tugaydigan so'zlar: somebody, someone
- bir nechta odam yoki narsa: my brothers, the trees
- and orqali bog'langan ikkitasi: Kevin and Lena
- -s siz maxsus ko'plik: people, men, mice
Istisnolar: have → has, do → does, go → goes
Deyarli barcha fe'llar yuqoridagi to'rtta qoida bo'yicha -s oladi. Uchta eng ko'p uchraydiganini alohida eslab qolish kerak:
- have → has. Bu he, she, it uchun butunlay o'zgaradigan yagona fe'l: I have a bike — My sister has long hair. Inkor va so'roqda yana have: She doesn't have a bike. Does he have a dog?
- do → does [dʌz] va go → goes [gəʊz] — «-o → -es» qoidasi bo'yicha yoziladi, lekin harflar bo'yicha o'ylaganingdek o'qilmaydi.
Va yana bir guruh: modal fe'llar can, must, should hech qachon qo'shimcha olmaydi: He can swim, He cans swim emas.
Present Simpleda to be fe'li
to be (bo'lmoq, mavjud bo'lmoq) fe'li o'z qoidalari bilan yashaydi. Uning uchta shakli bor — am, is, are — va unga do / does kerak emas: inkor not yuklamasi bilan, so'roq esa o'rin almashish bilan yasaladi.
She is ready. — She isn't ready. — Is she ready?
To be ni boshqa fe'llar bilan aralashtirma: I am go yoki She is likes — xato. Yo I go, yo I am at school.
| Darak | Inkor | So'roq |
|---|---|---|
| I am | I am not | Am I…? |
| he, she, it is | he isn't | Is he…? |
| you, we, they are | they aren't | Are they…? |
Tahlil qilingan misollar
1-misol. Darakdan — inkor va so'roq
Topshiriq: Kevin's sister studies Chinese gapidan inkor va so'roq yasang.
1-qadam. Ega Kevin's sister = she, demak yordamchi fe'l — does.
2-qadam. Does qo'shimchani oladi, fe'l boshlang'ich shaklga qaytadi: studies → study (i yana y ga aylanadi).
Javob: Kevin's sister doesn't study Chinese. Does Kevin's sister study Chinese?
2-misol. -ch dan keyingi qo'shimcha
Topshiriq: Mrs Lee ___ (teach) history at the local school.
1-qadam. Mrs Lee = she → qo'shimchali shakl kerak.
2-qadam. Fe'l -ch bilan tugaydi → -es yozamiz.
Javob: Mrs Lee teaches history at the local school. — Missis Li mahalliy maktabda tarix o'qitadi.
3-misol. So'roq so'zi bilan savol
Topshiriq: My cousins live in Kazan gapiga qayerda? savolini bering.
1-qadam. My cousins = they → yordamchi fe'l do.
2-qadam. Tartib: Where → do → ega → fe'l.
Javob: Where do your cousins live?
4-misol. Ega bilan tuzoq
Topshiriq: The people next door ___ (have) a big dog.
1-qadam. Asosiy so'z — people. Oxirida -s yo'q, lekin bu baribir ko'plik («odamlar») = they.
2-qadam. They bilan have fe'li o'zgarmaydi.
Javob: The people next door have a big dog. — Qo'shnilarda katta it bor.
Present Simpledagi tez-tez uchraydigan xatolar
-
He, she, it da qo'shimchani unutish: ❌ My dad work in a bank.
Ega my dad = he, shuning uchun ✅ My dad works in a bank.
-
Qo'shimchani ikki marta qo'yish — ham does, ham fe'lda: ❌ She doesn't speaks German. ❌ Does he lives here?
Gapda -s qo'shimchasi bitta, uni does oladi: ✅ She doesn't speak German. Does he live here?
-
Do va does ni adashtirish: ❌ Do Lena like dogs? ❌ He don't know.
He, she, it bilan — faqat does: ✅ Does Lena like dogs? He doesn't know.
-
Qoidalarsiz qo'shimcha yozish: ❌ studys, watchs, gos.
Undosh + y → -ies, ch, sh, s, x, o dan keyin → -es: ✅ studies, watches, goes.
-
Oddiy fe'lga am / is / are qo'shish: ❌ I am go to school. ❌ She is likes music.
To be va boshqa fe'l Present Simple darak gapida birga kelmaydi: ✅ I go to school. She likes music.
-
Can yoki must dan keyin -s qo'shish: ❌ He cans swim.
Modal fe'llar o'zgarmaydi va ulardan keyingi fe'l ham: ✅ He can swim.
Savol-javoblar
Present Simple nima va u qanday tushuntiriladi?
Bu ingliz tilidagi oddiy hozirgi zamon. U muntazam sodir bo'ladigan yoki doimo to'g'ri bo'lgan narsalarni tasvirlaydi: odatlar, faktlar, jadvallar, tuyg'ular va holatlar. Masalan: I get up at seven — men yettida turaman (har kuni).
Fe'lga qachon -s, qachon -es qo'shiladi?
Qo'shimcha faqat darak gapda he, she, it bilan kerak. Odatda -s (works), s, ss, sh, ch, x, z va o dan keyin — -es (washes, goes), undosh + y dan keyin — y i ga aylanadi va -es qo'shiladi (studies).
Present Simpleda inkor qanday yasaladi?
Fe'l oldidan don't (do not) yoki doesn't (does not — faqat he, she, it uchun) qo'yiladi, fe'lning o'zi esa boshlang'ich shaklda qoladi: I don't work, she doesn't work.
Present Simpleda qanday savol beriladi?
Do yoki Does ni ega oldiga qo'y, fe'lni esa boshlang'ich shaklda qoldir: Do you work? Does she work? So'roq so'zi eng boshiga qo'yiladi: Where does she work?
Present Simpleda qanday vaqt ko'rsatkichlari bor?
Chastota ravishlari always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never va every day, every week, on Mondays, at the weekend, once a week, in the morning kabi ifodalar.
Present Simple Present Continuousdan nimasi bilan farq qiladi?
Present Simple — muntazam sodir bo'ladigan ishlar haqida (He plays chess on Sundays), Present Continuous esa aynan hozir sodir bo'layotgan ishlar haqida (He is playing chess now). Present Continuous ko'rsatkichlari — now, at the moment, look!
To be fe'li bilan do / does kerakmi?
Yo'q. To be ning o'z shakllari am, is, are bor: inkor — not bilan (She isn't at home), so'roq — o'rin almashish bilan (Is she at home?).
Present Simple nechanchi sinfda o'tiladi?
Tanishuv boshlang'ich sinflarda, ko'pincha 2–3-sinfda, I like… kabi oddiy darak gaplar bilan boshlanadi. Do / does bilan inkor va so'roq 3–5-sinflarda, 5–7-sinflarda esa Present Simple Present Continuous bilan solishtiriladi.
