Tarefa:
Propagação de ondas, difração, interferência
Laboratório Interativo de Ondas
Bem-vindo ao laboratório interativo de ondas! Aqui você pode explorar três fenômenos de onda cruciais: propagação, difração e interferência.
Selecione um experimento:
1.5 Гц
20
🌐 Propagação de ondas
As ondas transferem energia sem transferir matéria. Elas se propagam a partir de uma fonte em círculos concêntricos.
- A velocidade de propagação depende do meio
- A amplitude determina a intensidade da onda
- A frequência permanece constante durante a propagação
🎯 Aplicações práticas
🎵 Acústica
O design de salas de concerto leva em conta a interferência de ondas sonoras
📡 Radiocomunicação
A difração permite que as ondas de rádio contornem montanhas e edifícios
🔬 Óptica
A interferência da luz é usada em lasers e holografia
🌊 Oceanografia
O estudo das ondas do mar ajuda a prever o tempo
0.5) {
ctx.globalAlpha = intensity * (amplitude / 40);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
ctx.lineTo(x, canvas.height);
ctx.stroke();
}
}
ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
// Дифрагированные волны справа от щели
const slitSource = { x: barrierX, y: slitY };
for (let angle = -Math.PI/2; angle <= Math.PI/2; angle += Math.PI/20) {
const maxDist = canvas.width - barrierX;
for (let dist = 0; dist < maxDist; dist += 3) {
const x = slitSource.x + dist * Math.cos(angle);
const y = slitSource.y + dist * Math.sin(angle);
if (x >= barrierX && x < canvas.width && y >= 0 && y < canvas.height) {
const wavePhase = (dist / waveLength - time * frequency) * 2 * Math.PI;
const waveValue = Math.sin(wavePhase);
const distanceFactor = Math.max(0, 1 - dist / maxDist);
const angleFactor = Math.cos(angle) * Math.cos(angle);
if (waveValue > 0.3) {
const intensity = waveValue * distanceFactor * angleFactor * (amplitude / 40);
if (intensity > 0.1) {
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255, 152, 0, ' + intensity + ')';
ctx.fillRect(x-1, y-1, 2, 2);
}
}
}
}
}
// Подписи (отодвинули от краев)
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
ctx.font = '12px Arial';
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
ctx.fillText("Fenda", barrierX, Math.max(30, 20));
ctx.fillText("Difra\u00e7\u00e3o", Math.min(barrierX + 80, canvas.width - 50), Math.max(slitY - 40, 30));
}
// Рисование интерференции от двух щелей с экраном
function drawInterference() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const barrierX = canvas.width * 0.25;
const screenX = canvas.width * 0.6; // Экран ближе к щелям
const slitDistance = 50;
const centerY = canvas.height / 2;
const slit1Y = centerY - slitDistance/2;
const slit2Y = centerY + slitDistance/2;
const slitWidth = 6;
const waveSpeed = 50;
const waveLength = waveSpeed / frequency;
// Рисуем барьер с двумя щелями
ctx.fillStyle = '#444';
ctx.fillRect(barrierX - 3, 0, 6, slit1Y - slitWidth/2);
ctx.fillRect(barrierX - 3, slit1Y + slitWidth/2, 6, slit2Y - slitWidth/2 - (slit1Y + slitWidth/2));
ctx.fillRect(barrierX - 3, slit2Y + slitWidth/2, 6, canvas.height - (slit2Y + slitWidth/2));
// Падающие волны слева
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(33, 150, 243, 0.6)';
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
for (let x = 0; x < barrierX; x += waveLength/3) {
const wavePhase = (x / waveLength - time * frequency) * 2 * Math.PI;
const intensity = Math.sin(wavePhase);
if (intensity > 0.5) {
ctx.globalAlpha = intensity * 0.5;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x, 0);
ctx.lineTo(x, canvas.height);
ctx.stroke();
}
}
ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
// Источники в щелях
ctx.fillStyle = '#ff4444';
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(barrierX, slit1Y, 3, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
ctx.fill();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(barrierX, slit2Y, 3, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
ctx.fill();
// Анимированные волны от источников
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(76, 175, 80, 0.3)';
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
const radius = (time * 30 + i * 25) % 120; // Уменьшили радиус
if (radius > 5) {
const alpha = Math.max(0, 0.3 - radius / 400);
ctx.globalAlpha = alpha;
// От первой щели
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(barrierX, slit1Y, radius, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
ctx.stroke();
// От второй щели
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(barrierX, slit2Y, radius, 0, 2 * Math.PI);
ctx.stroke();
}
}
ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
// Экран справа
ctx.fillStyle = '#222';
ctx.fillRect(screenX - 2, 0, 4, canvas.height);
// Статичная интерференционная картина на экране
const pattern = createInterferencePattern();
pattern.forEach(stripe => {
const { y, color, alpha, width } = stripe;
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(' + color[0] + ', ' + color[1] + ', ' + color[2] + ', ' + alpha + ')';
ctx.fillRect(screenX + 2, y, width, 1);
});
// Подписи (размещены подальше от краев)
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
ctx.font = '12px Arial';
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
// Подписи щелей
const labelX = Math.max(barrierX - 25, 40);
ctx.fillText("Fenda 1", labelX, Math.max(slit1Y - 10, 20));
ctx.fillText("Fenda 2", labelX, Math.min(slit2Y + 20, canvas.height - 10));
// Подпись экрана
ctx.fillText("Tela", screenX, Math.max(canvas.height - 15, canvas.height - 10));
// Подпись интерференции (размещена безопасно)
const interferenceX = Math.min(screenX + 30, canvas.width - 60);
const interferenceY = Math.max(35, 25);
ctx.font = '11px Arial';
ctx.fillText("Interfer\u00eancia", interferenceX, interferenceY);
}
// Рисование бокового вида волны
function drawSideView() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const centerY = canvas.height / 2;
const waveLength = 100 / frequency;
const maxAmplitude = Math.min(amplitude, canvas.height / 3);
// Ось X
ctx.strokeStyle = '#666';
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(0, centerY);
ctx.lineTo(canvas.width, centerY);
ctx.stroke();
// Разметка оси
ctx.fillStyle = '#888';
ctx.font = '10px Arial';
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
for (let x = 0; x < canvas.width; x += waveLength) {
if (x > 20 && x < canvas.width - 20) { // Отступ от краев
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x, centerY - 5);
ctx.lineTo(x, centerY + 5);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillText('λ', x, centerY + 15);
}
}
// Волна
ctx.strokeStyle = '#4CAF50';
ctx.lineWidth = 3;
ctx.beginPath();
for (let x = 0; x < canvas.width; x += 2) {
const phase = (x / waveLength + time * frequency * 2) * 2 * Math.PI;
const y = centerY - maxAmplitude * Math.sin(phase);
if (x === 0) {
ctx.moveTo(x, y);
} else {
ctx.lineTo(x, y);
}
}
ctx.stroke();
// Стрелки амплитуды
ctx.strokeStyle = '#ff4444';
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
const arrowX = canvas.width * 0.25;
// Стрелка вверх
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(arrowX, centerY);
ctx.lineTo(arrowX, centerY - maxAmplitude);
ctx.stroke();
// Стрелка вниз
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(arrowX, centerY);
ctx.lineTo(arrowX, centerY + maxAmplitude);
ctx.stroke();
// Подписи (размещены с отступом от краев)
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
ctx.font = '14px Arial';
ctx.textAlign = 'left';
const labelY = Math.max(centerY - maxAmplitude - 10, 25);
ctx.fillText("Amplitude", Math.max(arrowX - 20, 20), labelY);
ctx.fillText('A = ' + amplitude, Math.max(arrowX - 20, 20), Math.max(labelY - 15, 15));
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
ctx.fillText("Dire\u00e7\u00e3o de propaga\u00e7\u00e3o \u2192", canvas.width/2, Math.max(40, 30));
ctx.fillText("Frequ\u00eancia = " + frequency + " Hz", canvas.width/2, Math.min(canvas.height - 10, canvas.height - 20));
}
// Анимация
function animate() {
if (!isAnimating) return;
switch(currentExperiment) {
case 'propagation':
drawPropagation();
break;
case 'diffraction':
drawDiffraction();
break;
case 'interference':
drawInterference();
break;
case 'sideview':
drawSideView();
break;
}
time += 0.02;
animationFrame = requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
// Управление экспериментами
window.switchExperiment = function(experiment) {
const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('.experiment-btn');
const cards = document.querySelectorAll('.theory-card');
const info = document.getElementById('experimentInfo');
buttons.forEach(btn => btn.classList.remove('active'));
cards.forEach(card => card.style.display = 'none');
currentExperiment = experiment;
time = 0;
const btnIds = {
'propagation': 'wavePropBtn',
'diffraction': 'diffractionBtn',
'interference': 'interferenceBtn',
'sideview': 'sideViewBtn'
};
const activeBtn = document.getElementById(btnIds[experiment]);
const activeCard = document.getElementById(experiment + 'Card');
if (activeBtn) activeBtn.classList.add('active');
if (activeCard) activeCard.style.display = 'block';
if (info) {
const titles = {
'propagation': "Propaga\u00e7\u00e3o de ondas",
'diffraction': "Difra\u00e7\u00e3o de ondas",
'interference': "Interfer\u00eancia de ondas",
'sideview': "Perfil da onda"
};
const descriptions = {
'propagation': "As ondas se propagam da fonte em c\u00edrculos conc\u00eantricos.",
'diffraction': "A onda passa pela fenda e se espalha em leque.",
'interference': "Duas fendas criam um padr\u00e3o de interfer\u00eancia est\u00e1tico na tela.",
'sideview': "Uma onda senoidal se move no espa\u00e7o."
};
info.innerHTML = '' + titles[experiment] + '
' + descriptions[experiment] + '
'; } }; // Обновление параметров волн window.updateWaveParams = function() { const freqSlider = document.getElementById('frequencySlider'); const ampSlider = document.getElementById('amplitudeSlider'); const freqValue = document.getElementById('frequencyValue'); const ampValue = document.getElementById('amplitudeValue'); if (freqSlider && freqValue) { frequency = parseFloat(freqSlider.value); freqValue.textContent = frequency + " Hz"; } if (ampSlider && ampValue) { amplitude = parseFloat(ampSlider.value); ampValue.textContent = amplitude; } // Пересчитать интерференционную картину при изменении параметров interferencePattern = null; }; // Управление анимацией window.toggleWaveAnimation = function() { const btn = document.getElementById('playPauseWaveBtn'); if (!btn) return; if (isAnimating) { isAnimating = false; cancelAnimationFrame(animationFrame); btn.textContent = "\u25b6\ufe0f Jogar"; } else { isAnimating = true; animate(); btn.textContent = "\u23f8\ufe0f Pausar"; } }; window.resetWaveAnimation = function() { time = 0; if (!isAnimating) { switch(currentExperiment) { case 'propagation': drawPropagation(); break; case 'diffraction': drawDiffraction(); break; case 'interference': drawInterference(); break; case 'sideview': drawSideView(); break; } } }; // Запуск анимации animate(); })()" style="display: none;">
